Reprint in Honor of Valentine's Day: Love is a Virtue

 

More than a feeling – thinking about love as a virtue can change how we respond to hate

Seeing hate as a feeling tied to love, rather than being its opposite, might help us choose how to respond. Lusky/E+ via Getty Images

Tucker J. Gregor, University of Iowa

Love and hate seem like obvious opposites. Love, whether romantic or otherwise, involves a sense of warmth and affection for others. Hate involves feelings of disdain. Love builds up, whereas hate destroys.

However, this description of love and hate treats them as merely emotions. As a religious ethicist, I am interested in the role love plays in our moral lives: how and why it can help us live well together. How does our understanding of the love-hate relationship change if we imagine love not as an emotion but as a virtue?

The 13th-century theologian Thomas Aquinas is a foundational thinker in the history of Christian ethics. For Aquinas, hate is not the antithesis of love, or even opposed to it. In his most important work, the “Summa Theologiae,” he writes that hate responds to love. In other words, hate is a reaction to threats against what we love, or what we deeply value. We can better understand the experience of hate by getting clear on what it means to love.

Greek roots

Today, scientists know that feelings of love are related to biochemical processes that release chemicals in the brain, increasing pleasure and excitement. Beyond mere biology or even emotions, some philosophers and psychologists contend that love is also a practice.

Love can also refer to a virtue: a habit or settled disposition that increases the likelihood of people thinking, feeling and acting in ways that promote happiness and well-being. For example, the virtue of courage can help people endure and thrive in the midst of fear and uncertainty.

Audiobook review: A BnB murder mystery with occasional witchcraft

 In the Company of Witches, by Auralee Wallace (Berkley)

I listened to the audiobook version of this cozy mystery with great delight. Part cozy murder mystery, part family saga, part sweet urban fantasy (witches, ghosts, you know the drill), the story invites the reader to contemplate deeper issues of generational trauma, loss, and healing. I say “invites" because the process involves sitting down with a cup of tea and scones.

The Warren witches have used their powers to help their neighbors in the quiet New England town of Evenfall for four hundred years. Currently, sisters Nora and Izzy, along with their niece Brynn, run a bed and breakfast, complete with a secret garden of poisonous plants used in magic. Brynn, too, has a secret: she once was able to communicate with ghosts, but that talent disappeared with her husband’s recent death. And Brynn has no intention of ever using her magic again. So when an unpopular heir to a historic mansion is found dead (aka, murdered) in the bed and breakfast, Aunt Nora becomes the prime suspect.

The story moves along briskly, with plenty of offbeat characters, revelations, and plot twists. If I had to name a fault, it would be how the aunts kept nagging Brynn to use her magic again and her drawn-out reluctance to tell them why she can’t. Otherwise, an entertaining book.

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Book Review: Librarian to a Wicked Witch

 Wooing the Witch Queen, by Stephanie Burgis (Tor)

Stephanie Burgis continues to delight readers with her playful twists on fairytale stories. In my opinion, her recent books have taken her skill to a new level.

In Wooing the Witch Queen, she combines magic, Victorian-esque politics, vivid psychological family drama (with attendant trauma), and a sweet, believable love story. Archduke Felix has spent his life as a political pawn and abuse victim of his ambitious relative. When he escapes and shows up at the doorstep of the wicked queen, Saskia, he has no idea of the parallels of their lives. Under her incredibly powerful magic, she’s insecure, convinced that she’s unlovable. A twist of coincidence lands him in the position of her masked librarian, tasked with setting to order the literary chaos of her collection. I’m a sucker for libraries and librarians, and Felix’s education, which has been restricted to poetry and the like, not swordsmanship, serves him well. Not only are their kingdoms on the brink of war, but Saskia has vowed to kill him on sight because of the lies told about his role in the war. His life depends on keeping his identity hidden behind his “dark wizard” mask.

Of course, they fall in love.

Over books.

And mutual sexual attraction, which is fine by me.

I admit that I have no idea how original the world of Wooing the Witch Queen is. I found it both familiar enough that I didn’t need a ton of explanation, and fresh enough to keep me entertained. As I said, I’m a sucker for libraries and librarians.

There are more books in this series. I’m looking forward to the adventures of the other members of the Queens of Villainy.

Reprint: The Joy of Mindful Reading

 

Deep reading can boost your critical thinking and help you resist misinformation – here’s how to build the skill

Just slowing down gives you time to question and reflect. Morsa Images/DigitalVision via Getty Images

JT Torres, Washington and Lee University and Jeff Saerys-Foy, Quinnipiac University

The average American checks their phone over 140 times a day, clocking an average of 4.5 hours of daily use, with 57% of people admitting they’re “addicted” to their phone. Tech companies, influencers and other content creators compete for all that attention, which has incentivized the rise of misinformation.

Considering this challenging information landscape, strong critical reading skills are as relevant and necessary as they’ve ever been.

Unfortunately, literacy continues to be a serious concern. Reading comprehension scores have continued to decline. The majority of Gen Z parents are not reading aloud to their young children because they view it as a chore. Many college students cannot make it through an entire book.

With their endless scrolling and easy reposting and sharing of content, social media platforms are designed to encourage passive engagement that people use to relieve boredom and escape stress.

As a cognitive scientist and a literacy expert, we research the ways people process information through reading. Based on our work, we believe that deep reading can be an effective way to counter misinformation as well as reduce stress and loneliness. It can be tough to go deeper than a speedy skim, but there are strategies you can use to strengthen important reading skills.

Counterintuitively, social media can make you feel more bored and lonely. Dmitrii Marchenko/Moment via Getty Images

Deep reading versus doomscrolling

People use smartphones and social media for a variety of reasons, such as to relieve boredom, seek attention, make connections and share news. The infinite amount of information available at your fingertips can lead to information overload, interfering with how you pay attention and make decisions. Research from cognitive science helps to explain how scrolling trains your brain to think passively.

To keep people engaged, social media algorithms feed people content similar to what they’ve already engaged with, reinforcing users’ beliefs with similar posts. Repeated exposure to information increases its believability, especially if different sources repeat the information, an effect known as illusory truth.

Deep reading, on the other hand, refers to the intentional process of engaging with information in critical, analytical and empathetic ways. It involves making inferences, drawing connections, engaging with different perspectives and questioning possible interpretations.

Deep reading does require effort. It can trigger negative feelings like irritation or confusion, and it can very often feel unpleasant. The important question, then: Why would anyone choose the hard work of deep reading when they can just scroll and skim?

Short Book Reviews: A Queer Lovecraftian School Mystery

The Afterdark, by E. Latimer (Penguin)

After her twin sister drowns under questionable circumstances, Evie questions whether the darkness she has always known lurks inside her was responsible. In the blink of an eye, she gets shipped off to an elite boarding school where her father is the principal. Northcroft, located on a remote island and surrounded by dense, old-growth forest. Spooky things happen, beginning with a nightly bell and shutters slamming down, to her father refusing to see her, to a masked cult and mysterious warnings. To make matters worse, Evie falls for glamorous film star Holland Morgan, not knowing that Holland was her dead sister’s old flame. Every day, it seems, Evie discovers another layer of creepiness. If the school and the members of the clandestine mask-wearing “honor” society weren’t bad enough, the woods themselves are a thousand times worse. Something is out there, something ancient and utterly inhuman, something that Evie is increasingly unable to resist.

The Afterdark hits so many story tropes: it’s a school story with a spooky cult, a lesbian romance, a tale of a teen struggling to break free from a highly dysfunctional family, a Lovecraftian dark horror story, and a murder mystery, all tied up with one cliffhanger plot twist after another. The story grabbed me right away and kept me turning pages, and although I’m not a typical horror reader, for me the dark fantasy elements enhanced and intensified the story in appropriate and emotionally manageable ways. So don’t pass up this marvelous book because of the genre.

 

Another rave review of ARILINN

Just spotted this on Goodreads:

Darkover is my favourite fictional world. It has held me captive through many volumes and through many years. I find it is a place I yearn for sometimes, and I will gladly pick up a favourite book to reread. Something that seldom happens with other books.

Arilinn snared me in from beginning to end. Fast paced and action filled with characters I truly came to care for. The now, to me, familiar world and culture of Darkover marvellously supports the story of hardship and growth of Leora Hastur.

I could not put the book down, and read well into the wee hours of the morning. An absolute must read if you love the Darkover world, and a good introduction to other world travellers.

-- B